An Analysis of the Geography of Witchcraft

Benjamin C. Ray wrote â€Å"The Geography of Witchcraft Accusation in 1692 Salam Village† in order to imply that geographic analysis of the witchcraft accusation, economic, religious as well as social status shows there was no significant east-west division within Salam Village. In the article, Ray points out that the map included in Salam Possessed is not only interpretive but also incomplete. He states that there was an inconsistency in giving a numerical count of accusers and accused in the village. Moreover, he questions about the setting of the demarcation line at the center of the map. Ray also offers a revised map of the accusation due to incorrect number of accuser and accused and intended exclusion of eight afflicted girls and the five villagers. From the revised map, Ray reveals that there is no significant division. Conversely, Boyer and Nissenbaum stated that inclusion of the eight afflicted girls would not significantly change the geographic pattern because they were not â€Å"decisive shapers† and also six of eight were not living in the parents’ house during the witchcraft outbreak. Although Boyer and Nissenbaum provided a wide range of information related to the accusation, they failed to present data as given in sources and convincing explanations. Apparently, they intended to show the division in the Village by looking at the map. However, Ray not only indicates errors contained in the map but also reveals the different possible interpretation which can be drawn conclusion from the revised map. I believe the use of the map for illustrating the east-west division of the witchcraft accusation in inappropriate. for omission of accusers and location of the demarcation line, and Boyer and Nissenbaum introduced idea of geographic distribution in the patterns of witchcraft accusation in the first chapter of Salem Possessed.

American and Mexican Culture

Introduction to Ovulation * Many women learn how to calculate their ovulation when they first talk to a doctor about birth control. But some may still question whether they can get pregnant if they aren't ovulating. The answer to that question is not as straightforward as it seems. One would think that if a woman isn't ovulating, she can't get pregnant. This is only partially true. Generally, a woman isn't fertile if she isn't ovulating.If she isn't ovulating, she has no egg present to be fertilized outside the ovulation period. The confusion comes when trying to decipher when the ovulation period really is. Sometimes a woman can ovulate beyond what she considers her normal ovulating period, and she can become pregnant outside of her calculated fertility window. How to Calculate Ovulation * A woman generally ovulates between 11 and 21 days after her last menstrual cycle. Women with a 28-day cycle generally, on average, ovulate on day 14.But every woman is different and other factors can come into play to alter when and whether she ovulates. For some women, calculating ovulating periods can be tricky. Using methods such as evaluating cervical mucus, reading basal body temperature and keeping track of menstrual cycles can help with the calculations. A woman should get to know her body; this will be the most telling sign in knowing when ovulation occurs. If in doubt, an ovulation kit can help clarify when ovulation occurs.Ovulation Misconceptions * Many misconceptions surround ovulation. First, not all women ovulate on day 14 of their cycle. Another myth is that keeping up with ovulation is an effective birth control method. Although an egg can live for only 24 hours, sperm can live inside a woman for five to seven days. So even if a woman thinks it is safe to have unprotected sex a couple of days before she ovulates, the sperm can still fertilize the egg days after intercourse.For women who have irregular periods, it is not accurate to count from the last day of the menstrual cycle to determine the ovulating time frame. Can a Woman Get Pregnant If She Is Not Ovulating? * Technically, a woman cannot get pregnant if she isn't ovulating. Determining whether and when a woman is ovulating can be miscalculated, however. A woman can actually get pregnant when she believes that she is safe because she thinks she isn't ovulating. Sperm can live long enough to fertilize the egg days after intercourse.

Is the belief in God rational? Essay

â€Å"The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God† (Psalm 14:1, KJV ) â€Å" He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water† (John 7:38, KJV) As per Holy Bible, in the beginning, when there was no form, God had worked for six days in creating heaven and earth, â€Å"God saw every thing that he had made, and behold, it was very good† (Genesis 1:31 KJV). On seventh day, God ended his work and took rest. The very existence of earth, sun, moon, sky and stars are the resemblances of God’s work which are working without the intervention of human science which produces a fact there is a supernatural strength of spirit beyond the recognition of human knowledge and understanding. Accepting the fact that who believe in God is a theist and a non-believer is an atheist, each must have own justification of epistemic beliefs or non-beliefs on God with supportive arguments, irrespective of religion whether it is Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam or Christianity. Theists are fundamental believers on God and atheists draw scientific conclusions and explanations that God is unnecessary. Buddhism and Hinduism have a unique identity in explaining about atheism and also about the rationality about belief in God and so also the religion of Islam. Christianity as a religion, propagates Jesus Christ as God with a strong evidence of empty tomb and also taking the evidence of miracles performed and teachings quoted in four gospels of New Testament. According to Apostle Paul Jesus was â€Å" declared the son of God with power by the resurrection from the dead†. (Romans 1:4). The above concludes an opinion that God is a supreme being who is omnipotent and omnipresent, creator and ruler of the whole universe for Christianity scriptures are the proof of God. Belief or non-belief on God is based on a personal life experiences and the interaction with inner soul and God. A view at Old Testament of Holy Bible reveals some of the facts that God did communicate with Adam, Eve, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Moses was commanded by God to divide the red sea and to lead the Israel out of bondage from Pharaoh. The rationality behind the above, produces a strong evidence that the presence of God always surrounds the earth and this supernatural force controls the entire universe. This is a fact for those who believe and who listen to the voice of God. According to the Holy Bible, the seed of disbelief on the existence of God is none other than evil force which transforms the human minds who get carried away into material facts of the world and become the cause of self-fall. Conclusion Belief on God is good and is rational, as it is stated in Psalms â€Å"The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom†. Human knowledge, development and wisdom are the gifts of God who is an embodiment of kindness, mercy and wisdom. If King Solomon asked for wisdom to lead kingdom, Moses asked for accuracy in speech to communicate with people, each according to the wants and desires, were offered gifts by God. This was made possible only by God and for believers the history of past glories of God is the holy grail to carry and move on. Reference Gregory Kouki (2001), It is rational to believe in God? Accessed on 21 February, 2007

Learning From Mentors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning From Mentors - Research Paper Example Mentors help immensely because these are the persons who give a clear cut idea of the different ways and means through which the same question or concern could be handled in a totally different manner or perspective. What is even more imperative here is the ideology that this learning is one for the long term as it shapes up ideas, changes beliefs and turns the difficulties into areas of ease and comfort. Adult learning has always been seen as something that shall bring out a lot of value for the people, who are in dire straits; who would like to make amends with their lives in more ways than one, and find ideas to tackle the quandaries that they are stuck within. Learning that has been gained through the mentors is strategic in its disposition. This is because it takes care of the negativities that arise within an adult, and tells him how to act forthrightly. It asks of him to mend his ways within the moral constructs and allows him to learn new aspects which would not be deciphered and made understandable somewhere else. Hence a great amount of learning is being done in an online manner which is somewhat of an interesting exercise. What is even more important is the fact that this learning will not fade away with the passage of time, and continue to get bolstered as and when times change (Longenecker, 2011). This is one significant aspect that has come to the fore, and with the kind of changes happening on the global front, the learning that has been devised and transferred over the years through these mentors is all the more pivotal. The beliefs are changed, the perspectives are shifted and the entire dynamics of learning are given a complete revamp – such is the gravity of the learning variations which have been highlighted in the recent times. The role of the learner within such understandings and debates is an equally quintessential one. This is because it is his role that shall take the topic forward. If he would seem disinterested right from the very beginning, there is little one could do regarding the learning that has been gained from the mentors in the first place. It is for this reason that the mentors are given the proper credit that they richly deserve because they have been able to shift viewpoints, change perspectives and turn beliefs into proper ideologies. The adult learning mechanism is being seen as a very gigantic step towards building value for the sake of the individuals who seek to learn and thus get acquainted with the norms and routines of life. The learner shall have to properly address his fears and concerns in front of the mentor because if these are not taken care of, there will be little that one can do regarding the dynamics of the learning quarters which have come about with the passage of time. What is even more significant is how the learning quarters are being perceived by the mentors because these touch upon the basis of growth, productivity and development for the sake of the learners under qu estion (Dutton, 2003). Moving ahead with the discussion at hand, learning is usually given emphasis by the mentors who believe very strongly on the premise of bringing out value and quality for the learners. This is

The British Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The British Constitution - Essay Example This discussion outlines that parliamentary sovereignty is the main feature of British constitution. Though the constitution is unwritten in one single document, it is not entirely unwritten. It is also mostly embedded in the written form through various statutes, judgments and treaties apart from the conventional principles. In countries like the USA whose democratic origin has been very recent, writing constitution for a new country after their independence from British rule was a necessity. But, parliamentary democracy in Britain has a very long history and the Parliament of UK is one of the oldest democratic institutions in the world. After the merger of the Parliament of Scotland in 1707 and Ireland in 1801 with the English Parliament, it has been known as the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The country has an established judiciary system with a long history and the system has been evolving over the period of time mainly based on precedents in the legal landscape. This paper stresses that that parliamentary sovereignty is the fundamental principle of the un-codified British Constitution. There were controversies at the time of UK’s accession to European community based on the concerns that law-making functions could eventually be transferred to the EC Commission and the Council of Ministers. After the accession of the UK to  European Economic Community, European common law has gained preeminence in the UK which is inevitable. In Thoburn v Sunderland City Council it was observed â€Å"All the specific rights and obligations which EU law creates are by the ECA incorporated into our domestic law and rank supreme.

Drama Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drama Research Paper - Essay Example The author of the play â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, Tennessee Williams, lived in a time when men were portrayed as leaders of the household and wealth was the sum total of a man’s personal value. The way that Williams chooses to portray his characters illustrates that he intended to portray them as outsiders. Stanley Kowalski, for example, is a simple man, who treats his wife Stella disrespectfully simply because she is a woman and therefore an outsider to the dominant gender. Her duties as a wife are to obey his commands and tolerate his behavior. During this period it was considered common for a man to be violent with his wife as he saw necessary in order for her to learn from her mistakes, particularly within the lower classes where violence seemed to be more prevalent. â€Å"Girls absorb the message that you just grin and bear it when you’re hit, while boys absorb the message that hitting by men may be appropriate to show love and power in relationships† (â€Å"Physical and Emotional Abuse†, 2008). After one of these ‘corrective’ attacks which causes Stella to temporarily leave her husband, Stella states to her sister, â€Å"He was a good lamb when I came back and he’s really very, very ashamed of himself† (Williams, 2309). Stella immed iately goes back to her husband even after being brutally beaten just because she feels she has to for her own support and in fulfillment of her marriage vows. The reader understands that today this kind of behavior is against the law and is not tolerated at all, and a woman does not need to be married in order to be happy, whereas at that time women were in need of a man for social acceptance. The dangers of outsider status is revealed in the desperate way in which women are portrayed as depending on a man for support. Stella states, â€Å"Stanley doesn’t give me a regular allowance, he likes to pay bills himself, but - this morning he gave me ten dollars to smooth things over† (Williams, 2311). She needs

LSR Insurance Call Centre Move To India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LSR Insurance Call Centre Move To India - Essay Example worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems.† It is mentioned that most of the companies doing business in India face the major problem regarding the communication as the national language is Hindi and different states in India have their own official language. As far as LSR plan to open up its base in India, the major problem for the management will be to deal with English in Indian accent. In view of the LSR Insurance companies decision to depute UK manager in India branch, there will be conflict in decisions between Indian and UK managers. The actual difference that may occur at the workplace is time and the employees will have to work during odd hours to answer the calls of UK customers. There is considerable difference in the work attitude between the local employees and UK managers which is primarily related to drive motivation. Further it has observed that Indian employees are very difficult to work in teams alongside UK employees. Further certain policies which UK employees are used to may give rise to conflicts among Indian employees. LSR Insurance is experiencing difficulties in finding three managers to depute to India because there have been no previous appointments to India and lack of overseas experiences among the managers. Additionally potential applicants may be reluctant to go outside UK citing career development reason which might get affected once they leave the country. In view of the above circumstances, it is necessary for the LSR Insurance to offer lucrative pay packages to potential applicants so that they can be sent to India to manage the proceedings of the company. But the lack of clear policy about the pay and benefits for the employees while they are working in India is taking the potential managers on the back foot to apply for positions in India. Therefore it is necessary that all the multinational companies

A history of Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A history of Greece - Essay Example A history of Greece War between Athens and Sparta in his book, â€Å"History of the Peloponnesian War†. It was said after his death that the history was recollected through his accounts where he discusses the 27 year war between the two neighbors with strict reliance on evidence and on the philosophy of cause and effect. He is known to be the pioneer of the international relations school of thought â€Å"political realism†. Pericles funeral oration was given by the Athenian General Pericles after the end of the first year of war with Sparta, and it was done to honor and bury the war dead. It was recorded by Thucydides that the war dead would be left in a tent for three days after which they would be buried in Kerameikos, and then someone would sing their praises and tell stories of their braveries. During 431 BC Athens was going through a war with Sparta as already mentioned before, and there were no signs of victory or defeat in sight while the casualties were mounting to unexpected numbe rs.; That was when Pericles delivered this speech to praise the war dead and to sing the praises of the motherland (Athens), and in the end he delivered an epilogue to remind the audience to not speak over the dead. Pericles praises the main qualities of Athenians as the people of a country where they are free. They are all equal and no one is above the law; they live a free life and can sustain any life they want. He says that the people of Athens welcome immigrants from neighboring regions with open arms to come and see the prosperity of the Athenian people. According to him, the equality and openness raised the rank of Athens and established it as a great city of Greece. Pericles praises the people of Athens by proclaiming that the principle of the Athenian men is to die with honor and not to submit to the Spartans because, according to him, Athenian men consider it honorable to die rather than live while in submission to the oppressors and their enemies. Pericles considers Athen ian men to be free, and for them freedom means happiness and to be able to sustain happiness. They are brave and this is the reason why they are not afraid to go to war with any nation including Sparta. According to Pericles Athens was a nation by far better than Sparta. Sparta were blood thirsty warmongers whose life began and ended with wars, while Athens was a country that loved art and literature. Pericles contrasted that Athens welcomed foreigners to its country while Spartans were much jealous of the achievements of the Athenian people and envied their freedom and prosperity. He says that Athens is a democracy where decisions are not to be made by one individual but through unanimous agreement, thus implying that such is not the case in Sparta. He further exemplifies Athens by stating that in Athens, unlike in Sparta, equal justice is available to all people and this is one of the elements that differentiates Sparta from Athens where a person is identified by his deeds and not by wealth and neither does the government interfere in the life of any individual as long as he serves the state. The Athenian society was near perfect according to the speech done by Pericles. Although this might have been done so as to raise the courage of the fellow Athenians, his accounts have been considered correct by many historians who. Athens’s plusses were its art and literature, the freedom that

Competitiveness in the International Electronics Industry Essay

Competitiveness in the International Electronics Industry - Essay Example The author Morri tells us that though the electronic industry is fairly small in the Dominican Republic by global standards, it employs however about 10,000 workers and contributes to about 5 percent of total Dominican exports (8). He further states that the electronic industry is by far the most important industry for a small economy (8). But in order to increase the competition in the electronic industry, the manufacturers in the electronic industry must learn to work together with the public sector to increase the competition position of the industry (Morri 9). The Dominican Republic has to meet the challenges of the public demands in order to ensure their competition in the electronics industry. The number of workers employed tells us how much is going into the export part of the trade. In order to accomplish competitiveness in the electronic industry, certain factors must be adhered to such as the "improvement in the quality and the cost of the electricity supply. Assistance with both local and international supply sourcing issues including possible common import purchasing and horizontal integration for inputs such as fabricated metals and moldings. In addition, the encouragement of domestic and foreign investment in critical local suppliers in such areas such as sheet metal fabrication, printed circuit boards, transformers, and general electronic component distribution (Morri 9)." In Latin America, there is extensive foreign investment in the sector by companies such as Verizon, Tricom, Centennial and Cable and Wireless and the cost of a T1 which is a high speed internet is the lowest priced in the whole of Latin America (Morri 16). On the other hand, "Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua have competitively low labor rates per hour, but they are not currently considered a competitive threat to the Dominican Republic because all three countries lack a secure environment (Morri 24)." In the above scenario, foreign investment in the Latin American companies makes it possible to guarantee low prices on certain commodities and labor being cheap makes it not a very feasible environment and so lacks the basis for a competitive environment. Another country that is ideal to examine would be the Chinese and Mexican market in relations to the US market. These two countries supply a lot of their goods to the US markets. According to Morri (9), China and Mexico supply a lot of their electronics to the US markets. In doing so, the global supply chain from the US to Asia threatens competition including low levels of linkages existing between the electronic manufacturers and the lack of industry expertise in the policy making and FDI promotion framework (Morri 10). The US markets are highly dependent on countries such as Mexico and China to provide a steady supply of electronic goods. Another important factor in increasing competition in the electronic industry is to : "create a one-stop-shop to streamline red tape. Increase image of electronics and the electrical industry locally. Also, employ or train electronic industry experts in policy and FDI promotion. In addition, build electronic industry support infrastructure for industry investors including offering investors full pre-, during- and post investment services and support. It would also help to decrease exit as well as entry barriers to increase investor confidence (Morri

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Project management - Essay Example Product description- Clients will be enabled to track their asset managements with the firm, trade and access securities at their door steps and any other service offered by the organizations such as credit facilities. Each of the customers will be provided with their respective business numbers which enables them to view transactions from our website. Milestone- To determine the project progress, their will be weekly meetings that provides for analysis in the project development. Various cost reviews are likely to take place to ensure the cost estimates are adhered to. Time periods will be maintained as determined by the critical path analysis while every stakeholder is expected work on their assigned roles. Rough Order of Magnitude- The cost of the project will be relatively sums that are derived at by the project manager but limited to the amounts that do not negatively affect the financial base of the company. It is expected to last for a period of three months beginning the month of March. Key initial personnel- Project development manager will be the key leader in the project working very closely with IT manager. He will be expected to report to the chief executive officer on weekly basis to provide briefings which will be addressed to the board of the

Glass Ceiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Glass Ceiling - Essay Example ual binary is a persistent feature of the workplace today and the glass ceiling is an implicit manifestation of the impediments that women face in the labor force. According to Paige Churchman, renowned feminist theorist Gay Bryan coined the term glass ceiling many decades ago to describe the invisible barriers to professional advancement that women face in the labor force. Although women have entered the paid labor force in record numbers, attainting leadership roles in a corporate environment remains a challenge and invisible barriers impeded their development. While women hope to lead by example and advance professionally, the challenges that they face today are less overt than they once were but remain important impediments to their full professional advancement (Churchman, 2009). According to Women at Work, Leadership for the Next Century, the glass ceiling is a phenomenon which invisible, artificial barriers to the professional advancement of women remain the greatest impediments to their growth within an organization (Smith, 1999). The glass ceiling is arguably the most important impediment to the professional development of women in the 21st century and it is predicated upon the sexual binary. The glass ceiling is an important challenge for women in the paid labor force because it is implicit and limits their opportunities for professional advancement. While discrimination and sexual harassment are often explicit barriers to the full inclusion of women within the paid labor force, the entry of women into paid labor in record numbers has not resulted in complete equality. According to Nora Frenkel more than 25 years ago, â€Å"women have reached a certain point. I call it the glass ceiling. There isnt enough room for all those women at the top,† (Me yerson & Fletcher, 2000, 127). The glass ceiling, in addition to â€Å"pink collar ghettos†, are important yet often ignored aspects of the challenges women face in the labor force today. These metaphors

How does Shakespeare present Ophelia Essay Example for Free

How does Shakespeare present Ophelia Essay In Hamlet Shakespeare presents Ophelia as a helpless girl, who is continually manipulated by the men around her for their own gain. In many of his other plays the women are presented as strong and admirable people who play major roles in the live of the protagonist, such as Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. In Hamlet, however, Ophelia becomes a very different role-she is conveyed as a lesser to the men around her. She is continually manipulated by her father, Polonius, her brother, Larertes and Hamlet, the supposed love of her life. Her sweet and innocent nature results in her becoming dependent on the man in her life to tell her how to behave. Hamlet shows a very different style in Shakespeare writing, no longer is the women controversially given respect by the male character, but is instead shown in a more traditional mere pawn for their fathers, brothers and lovers. Ophelias relationship with her father is less then the traditional intimate one expected. Instead it shows a controlling man, obsessed with what others think, and a daughter respectful of her fathers wises. Polonius becomes convinced that Ophelias relationship with Hamlet will result in the diminish of his families honour, and to him, the respect others have for his families reputation is very important. He thus begins to pressurise Ophelia into breaking off any understanding between herself and Hamlet. Shakespeare uses these characters and their interaction to present a more traditional view of how a woman should act toward the men in their lives during this time period. I personally do not see her as a week character, but instead see her as a women with no other choice than to respect and obey the man who has looked after her all her life. Their relationship is a cold one, with little compassion between the two, but apparent respect on Ophelias behalf. Her brother too becomes set against her love for Hamlet, believing that she will ruin herself for Hamlet, yet he will never actually marry her, due to her lower social standing. During the actual play, Larertes is the only man who conveys to her that he actually cares for her, but we can see clearly that he believes her continuous open regard for Hamlet will reduce their familys nobility. He too adds to the pressure put on her to distance herself from Hamlet. Hamlets strategic plans towards Ophelia are probably the most conniving and vicious. He not only manipulates her constant love for him, but also toys with her emotions throughout, making her play exactly how he wants. He uses the courts knowledge of his relationship with Ophelia to get deeper involved in his plot to avenge his father and kill the king. He evolves Polonius theory that Hamlet is mad with love for Ophelia. When she returns Hamlets love letters and other tokens of his affections in act III scene I, Hamlet seizes this moment to cement the beginning of her descend into madness in both Ophelias eyes and in Polonius and Claudius as Hamlet is aware they are watching this encounter between the two ex-lovers. He appears troubled and hysterical as he denies giving her anything and laments the dishonesty of beauty. Confusingly, he claims to both have loved, and never loved her. As he leaves she mourns the noble mind that has now lapsed into apparent madness. Hamlet believes that by hearing this fight between Ophelia and himself, Polonius and Claudius will think he is now crazy and thus not fear him, making Claudius more vulnerable. Hamlet, Polonius and Larertes all put pressure on her to do what they want, they all use her to gain themselves and they all have little regard for her genuine love for Hamlet. Her heart begins to dictate over her head and as a result of being caught in the crossfire of all the men in her life; Ophelia goes crazy, unable to cope with the stress and contradiction. Finally, she kills herself finding no place in the situation for her own feelings. Hamlet is the least idealistic of Shakespeares plays, with women being presented in a more realistic view, rather than an idealistic outlook on society where women have more control over their lives and arent controlled by the men around them. Ophelia is presented in a more traditional feminine way, relying on men around her. This fits into Hamlet, and makes the play appear more legitimate, due to the emotion involved in the twisted love story. Still, I do not believe she is weak, but instead love struck and susceptible to manipulation by the men closely involved in her life. Many critics have argued that she is a dismal character, which no one can admire, but I see her as instead, a woman who is young, weak and naive to the world around her.

Spirituality And Mental Illness Psychology Essay

Spirituality And Mental Illness Psychology Essay Spirituality is a part of human experience. It often stands as one integral aspect of ones cultural or religious orientation. Likewise, spirituality may also represent ones individual choice, belief, and behavior. Both in terms of traditional and conventional healthcare, there are three aspects of human well-being that should be taken care of: physical, mental, and spiritual health. Physical is for the body, mental is for the mind, and psychic health is for the spirit (Jeitschko et al., 2005). However, in the present idea of healthcare, the thrust of healthcare efforts is given to physical health. However, the other two components also play integral roles in the achievement of humans overall (external and internal) well-being. Oftentimes, these two are overlooked. Although courses of religion and spirituality are common in most medical schools and pastoral care is provided in some hospitals, health policies and insurance in mental healthcare is severely restricted in ways that physical healthcare is not and moreover, to emphasize, very little healthcare is provided for the spiritual healthcare (Jeitschko et al., 2005). Yet, Jeitschko et al (2005) claimed that spiritual claim has repeatedly observed to be an important factor and correlated for the health of both body and minds health. In this paper, we look into the importance of spiritual health as a prerequisite towards mental health improvement and maintenance- to prevent and to treat mental illnesses. First, we describe a brief overview of the situation concerning mental disorders and illnesses as a global phenomenon. Third, we define and contextualize spirituality as a prerequisite to overall spiritual health. Lastly, we discuss how spirituality has been used to 1) prevent a vast array of mental illnesses and 2) treat various cases of mental disability and other psychiatric ability. Mental Illness: A Situation Overview While each is a separate aspect, spirituality and mental well-being are viewed as closely-related, if not dependent to each other. This may be because both are internal mechanisms that may not be measured by medical apparatuses, may not diagnosed via single medical procedure, and cannot be treated by measurable doses of medicine. Rather, these are brought about by internal mechanisms that exist along a continuum of attitudes and behavior. Mental health and mental illness exist along a continuum of attitude and behavior. This covers a wide array of mental diagnostic categories, from mild conditions like depression to more serious cases such as schizophrenic disorders (OBrien, 2003). The main components of looking into mental disorder are: internal psychological dysfunctions, unexpected response to a social phenomenon, and differentiation from deviant behavior. Nonetheless, the universal component of mental illness is the dysfunction of some internal psychological mechanism. Examples of these dysfunctions occur in systems of cognition, thinking, perception, motivation, emotion, language, and memory (Horwitz, 2002). Millions of people all over the world suffer from mental illnesses and adverse mental health. As of 2002, 154 million suffer from depression, 50 million from epilepsy, 25 million from schizophrenia, and 24 million people suffer from Alzheimer and other dementias. It was also observed that 25% visiting healthcare services suffer from mental, neurological and behavioral disorders but most of these cases are not diagnosed and treated. Moreover, people with these disorders are oftentimes subjected to social isolation, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality (WHO, 2010). Barriers of effective mental treatment can be traced into two factors: 1) lack of recognition of the seriousness of mental illnesses among patients, and 2) lack of understanding about the benefits of having cost-effective mental illness treatment. This alleviated by the fact that in most middle and low income countries devote less than 1% of their budget to mental health (WHO, 2010). Defining Spirituality Before going farther in this paper, it is necessary to first define spirituality and to bring forth its importance. Spirituality is defined first by differentiating the concept with that of religion. Religion is strictly linked to formal religious institutions. On the other hand, spirituality does not depend on formal institutions but comes from initiatives of an individual. The similarities of spirituality and religion both focus on belief, sacred, divine entities, and the resulting behaviors and practices and spiritual consciousness. However, this arbitrary definition does not provide comprehensive delineation of the two concepts (George, 2000). National Institute of Healthcare Research (NIHR) defined spirituality as the feelings, thoughts, experiences, and behaviors that arise from search for the sacred. In this definition, search encompasses identifying, transforming, and maintaining. Terms such as knowing, understanding, and embodying can be used as synonyms to search based on this context. Sacred refers to divine being, higher power, and ultimate truth as perceived by the individual collective reinforcement and identity. Hence, from this definition of spirituality, the distinctive characteristic of religion is collective reinforcement and identity (George, 2010). Another comprehensive definition of spirituality came from Murray and Zenter (1989): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦spirituality dimension, a quality that goes beyond religious affiliation that strives for inspiration, reverence, awe, meaning and purpose, even in those who do not believe in God comes essentially into focus in times of emotional stress, physical and mental illness, loss, bereavement and death. From these definitions, spirituality can be summarized in three elements: comes from within an individual and not collective affiliations; goal-oriented: search, inspiration, well-being, and embodiment of belief; come in times of emotional stress and mental distress. Spiritual Healthcare The idea that spirituality is an initiative of an individual comes with the expectation that there is a wide array of spiritual healthcare procedures depending on how individuals perceive its importance and the procedures encompassing it. Hence, to take care of spiritual health, the individual should be able to have the following skills: being able to create peaceful state of mind, ability to stay alert, attentive, and mentally focused in present circumstances, develop above average empathy and to grieve appropriately and then let go afterwards. Moreover, spiritual values include kindness, compassion, generosity, tolerance, creativity, wisdom, honesty, humility, and patience (Culliford, 2002). Some of the elements of spiritual care include: environment of purposeful activity; feelings of safety and security, dignity, belonging and acceptance; having opportunities and encouragement to express feelings and thoughts; and to receive permission, encouragement to develop relationship with God or Absolute and to receive place and privacy for prayers worship, and spiritual education; and to derive meaning from illness experiences (Culliford, 2006). Spirituality for Prevention and Cure of Mental Illness Throughout history, mental illness was closely related to religious faith, demonic possessions and magical enchantments. In a very long time in history, mental illness was misunderstood and misinterpreted and people suspected to have mental disorders were subjected to cruel procedures. In prehistory mental illness perceived to come from supernatural and magical spirits that disrupt minds. Shamans tried to cure mental illness through performing rituals, casting spells, and using mind-altering drugs. Trepanning, or drilling a hole on patients skull to release or exorcise bad spirits. However, fossils show that new bones grew to cover the holes and high survival rates were observed (Thomson, 2007). Ancient Egyptians were the first to implement a form of mental healthcare and the first to cure a patient identified to have mental illness. Temples and temple complexes served as mental hospitals. Mental treatment procedures include: psychiatric texts, rites, rituals and prayers. Egyptians were also able to decipher that mental illness that time was caused by loss of money and status; hence, they suggested that talk therapy will be an effective treatment procedure (Thomson, 2007). However, due to advances in technology, rapid evolution of the society and paradigm shifts in terms of mental illnesses, spirituality becomes a forgotten dimension of mental healthcare (Culliford, 2002). Spirituality, as prevention and treatment for mental illness, was included in the identified misunderstanding of ancient people towards mental disorders. Spirituality was forgotten as an important tool for physical and mental health and spiritual health was also overlooked as a part of overall human well-being. This neglect is attributed to secularization and science-based discipline of psychiatry (Culliford, 2007). Now, importance of spirituality is gradually being rediscovered because of two reasons. First, mental illness patients report spirituality; spiritual beliefs and practices are their major sources of personal strength. Second, there is increased attention in academic and scientific research and psychiatric treatment and practices (George, 2000). In the field of psychiatry, a trending practice is to achieve first, spiritual history of the patients before addressing their mental needs. Spiritual history includes details of the patients religious antecedents, practices, beliefs or the lack or absence of these. Reasons for taking spiritual history include (Culiford, 2007): The field recognizes that nature of spirituality as a source of validity, motivation, and sense of belonging and acceptance which are beneficial for the patients. There is a also a long historical relationship between spiritual healthcare and medicine. Spirituality is oftentimes part of patients needs and wishes. The influence of spirituality and religion to the attitudes and decisions of the staff. Moreover, spirituality is now recognized as an integrating force for various dimensions of human life including physical, biological, psychological, and psychosocial. Although it is acknowledged that spirituality may also have negative effects on mental well-being, there is a growing confidence for mental, and even physical health of spiritual belief and practices. In a wide review of researches on spirituality and mental health, 20% showed negative effects while 80% observed positive results (Culliford, 2007). Some of the negative accounts on spirituality as a beneficial tool for curing mental illness include the studies cited by Fallot (2003). In terms of diagnosis and psychiatric rehabilitation programs, DSM-IV diagnosis involves assessment of spiritual experiences. In a symptom-oriented nosological system, the focus is directed to spiritual or religious behavior of the patient. In DSM-IV, two scenarios may occur: First, spiritual concerns may be problematic and may also be attributable to the actual mental disorder. In cases of severe mental disorder, psychiatric disorder is considered primary while spiritual expression is secondary. There are cases when spiritual experiences disappear, the primary or psychiatric disorder is treated adequately. Second, spiritual issue is problematic but may not be attributed to the mental disease. Patients with severe mental illness are still capable of spiritual activities such as struggles for searching meaning in life, conflicting and confusing relationships with the sacred, and challenges to long-hel beliefs. These further leads to prolonged psychiatric difficulties, problems in understanding religious experiences, loss of hope and demoralization However, Fallot (2003) argued that there is positive spiritual coping that will be beneficial for mental illness patients. Still on a lager scale, patients tend to turn unto religion not just as a significant resource but also as a coping mechanism that is helpful. Spirituality and religion can serve as possible mechanisms with positive impacts of mental health and rarely are the cases in which both pose negative impacts on mental health (Fallot, 2003). Specifically, spiritual well-being is associated to reduce likelihood of anxiety disorders, depression, and substance abuse that lead to addiction and other mental disorders. Likewise, there is also positive association between spirituality undertaking and recovery from mental disorders such as depression and substance abuse (George, 2002). Mental Healthcare Practices Involving Spirituality This section discusses some mental healthcare treatment practices that are used to emphasize the role of spirituality to mental health (Fallot, 2003). Spiritual Assessment. This refers to understanding of content and the functions of a patients spiritual beliefs and practice. This approach is useful on a diverse religious experiences and cultures. The definition of spirituality can both be broad and inclusive. This approach goes beyond symptom-oriented orientation but rather explore potential significance of spirituality to the patient and his recovery. Spiritually informed groups. The group provides therapeutic context of examination of consumers religious beliefs and traditions. The role of this group is to provide a positive connection between spirituality and the present conditions of the patients. In spite of religious diversity, patients may find it helpful to share and listen to others search for meaning and purpose of life. It will not exacerbate symptoms of mental health but will rather support and clarify ones purpose in life which shall give sense of worth, value, and trust to themselves. Individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapeutic approaches coming from a wide variety of religious beliefs such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam and others attuned the present approaches for individual psychotherapy. Aside from overview of religious interventions, this approach can also be used to specify roles of meditation and mindfulness, prayer, and other spiritually and cognitive-behavioral techniques. This approach is also integrated in counseling relationship. Relationships with faith communities. One important factor for treating mental illness is to restore social supports and relationships. Religious or faith communities can offer empowerment, sense of acceptance and belonging to the patients. However, it should be taken into consideration that the patient shall not feel any sense of rejection from the community. How Does Spirituality Prevent and Treat Mental Illness Empirical analysis regarding the effects spirituality to mental health is continuously studied. Researchers and mental health practitioners continue to seek means by which spirituality will prevent and facilitate treatment, if not completely treat mental illnesses. Nonetheless, for the present studies, the following two mechanisms were attributed as the factors by which spirituality is helpful to mental health: First is the ability to establish social support. Spiritual participation may be one major avenue for developing social bonds and other social support. People with high religious participation have larger social networks, higher interaction with social network, receive more assistance from others, and have higher levels of satisfaction of the social support they receive. This is important as rejection is one of the major causes of disturbed mental health and acceptance is one of the best recovery apparatus. Second is the coherence spirituality offers. Through coherence within the group, patients tend to understand their role in life, their purpose, and to develop courage to face sufferings. Moreover, coherence with others is also an effective buffer to stress on mental health. As a conclusion, it can be acknowledged that in spite of the gaps between the benefits of spirituality and mental health, it can still be safely implemented as a tool to prevent and facilitate cure of mental illnesses through the approaches and because of the mechanisms mentioned in the later part of the paper.

Localized Value Proposition Analysis for Toyota

Localized Value Proposition Analysis for Toyota Introduction Toyota motor company, who started a comprehensive partnership with FAW (First Auto Works) in 2002, has achieved great success in China, the market share expanding from 2.4% in 2003 to 7.3% in 2004 (data from JACCPCM, Joint Advisory Committee of China Passenger Car Market). The key concept of Toyotas successful strategy in China is localization to generate localized value proposition for consumers, which is different from Toyotas global policy. Localization is the key concept of a multi-national corporations strategy to enter a new country, which is an important method to establish it. Therefore, how to generate a localized strategy is a priority for these corporations. This essay will define localization which may lead the corporations to success in a new country, then identify the three elements of localization strategy: product strategy, marketing strategy and management strategy, furthermore assess the risks that localized strategy bring out. The core concept of localization is l ocal manufacturing and local sales. When a multi-national corporation enters a country, the primary question is what kind of products they can offer to the local consumers, and whether they will be accepted. Since different countries have different needs, the products can be adjusted according to the local consumers taste. The following question is how to sell products to local consumers. As the business environment and issues vary from one country to another, the firms marketing mix may have to undergo significant adaptation and adjustment. Effective marketing in this environment will boost the companys volume sale because of reflecting of local culture in positive way. Product strategy is for developing and supplying locally customized products, which is the foundation of the localization strategy, including three following aspects. First of all, products must be manufactured locally, because manufacturing operations in local can take advantage of resources, such as raw materials and human resource; and make the price of product competitive avoiding import taxes or trade barriers. In addition, the company can obtain the support of local government for the contribution to local economies and industrial development, which is also beneficial for local selling. Secondly, more localized exterior and interior design should be adapted to fit consumers taste. One product is popular in one country, which cannot guarantee that it will be also successful in other countries. Consequently, the company must be aware of the local consumers preference and taste, and wide coverage of product for diversified consumers needs. For example, Coca-Cola sells new flavours specifically for Europe: its Turkish division marketed a pear-flavoured drink, while the German division sold a berry-flavoured Fanta (Onkvisit Shaw, 2004), which are varied according to different customers tastes. Furthermore, the product should fit for the local culture and traditional. The example of the marke ting of fire insurance in different countries can illustrate this reason. For American consumers, it is sensible and practical to purchase fire insurance. However, in Brazil, where people belief that fire insurance may encourage fire accidents, it is difficult to encourage Brazilian consumers to purchase insurance (Onkvisit Shaw, 2004). Last but not least, purchasing from local suppliers is also a crucial issue for product strategy, which influences the product quality and long term profitability. Suppliers as business partners should be strict selected and sometimes long term patience should be had for improvement of local suppliers to meet corporations requirements. Strategy A successful localized strategy emphasizes not only on product but also on adapted brands and packages to meet the particular preferences and needs of customers. That is, in order to increase selling locally, an efficient marketing strategy is needed, which include advertising, personal selling, and sales promotion. As a new brand enters a market, more intensive marketing is necessary to increase brand recognition and perception which will attract consumers. More specifically, advertising on mass media is an efficient method to increase the brand recognition. Another important factor of marketing strategy is personal selling in which a company can invest. Since satisfaction during the buying process and quality of after services are becoming crucial for companys reputation, the capability of sales rep, professionalism and honest quotation for instance, will influence the branding and sales. Finally, sales promotion contains those promotional activities other than personal selling and advertising, such as coupons, discounting, demonstration and samples, which can push the local consumers to accept new products rapidly. Furthermore, the design of promotional activities should be based on local consumers consuming behaviour which is determined by local culture. For instance, Suspicion and privacy in some countries can limit the effectiveness of promotional activities, such as door-to-door selling and other direct selling methods. The awareness to local culture can make a firm more customer oriented, and the marketing strategy will be developed more likely flexible and efficient. A company can use localized management to conquer keen competition across regions with local OEM (original equipment manufacturer), especially in risk management, decision making structure and human recourse. Firstly, to avoid risk of uncertainty, a company should conduct flexible manufacturing facilities and management. For example, Toyota in China limited the level of mechanism and hired more workforces to keep flexibility, by which Toyota can avoid the investment risk at the early stage. Secondly, decision making structure in local companies is a significant issue of management, which may be delegated to enable quick decision making for local company. Since the keen competitive environment of local regions, the market changes rapidly, the headquarters may not respond timely. As a result, the company may lose its competitive edge or opportunities. Another aspect is human resource management, which is a critical part of management strategy. The company may invest in local human resource education and retaining workforce, which will enhance the capabilities of local workers. Meanwhile, although the managerial level of local staff could be intended to improve, company should still have a certain number of domestic staff, who will keep their core strategy in place. System A systemically localization strategy may help an international corporation enter a new country successfully. However, localized strategy may also bring some risks. A firm should be respect and accept local culture; nevertheless, a firm follow the local tradition blindly may lose some market opportunities, while a firm can also create a new business different from local culture. For example, Kelloggs, who sold dry cereal in South America and Asia, successes in establishing the new eating habits which is different from local tradition, and Kelloggs expanded its business network abroad(Onkvisit Shaw, 2004). On the other hand, in some special industries, especially luxury goods, localized strategy should be cautioned. When a firms brand concept clash with localization concept, it is necessary for the firm to make a choice or balance between them. Louis Vuitton for instance, would not be marketed as a local product in China. But at most situation, that choice is difficult to decide becau se of the following risk. At first, localization strategy can make the local consumer accept the product quickly at the price of damaging the brand image. Moreover, localization strategy implementation need long term preparation and vast investment, which furthermore increase the financial risk. Another risk a firm may face to in the localizations procedure is culture conflict in management. When a firm enter a new country, two different cultures may clash, which may engender low efficiency and internal contradiction, even bankrupt. For example, in a Japanese firm in Europe, the local employees have to face to a totally distinct management model. It is necessary for the firm to decade whether keep its core strategy in place or finding local methods to execute it. Conclusion In conclusion, localized value proposition generated by local optimization, which should integrate the product, marketing and management strategy in the local culture background. Product strategy is the foundation of localization for supplying customized products. The marketing strategy is the key of localization for selling and profiting. The management strategy is the way to conduct localization. Furthermore, to increase its efficiency and competitiveness while adding value to its products, a firm should respect and adapt to local culture. However, the opportunities always associate with the risk. Localization brings certain risks to companies. It is necessary for a firm to consider carefully about the factors of localization strategy.

What Is Pain? Essay -- essays research papers

Pain is something that everyone feels at one point in their lives. A person's pain threshold is completely different from the next person. No two people experience pain the same way. "Unlike other sensations, pain can arise from intense stimulation in sensory pathways." ( Zimbardo PG 185) Pain is always subjective. People learn the application of this word through their own personal experiences. Pain can be helped. It can be eased and sometimes vanished completely. Most pain goes untreated or improperly treated. People do not have to suffer needlessly with their pain. With the medical know how and skills available today pain can be managed and cured. "The anterior cingulated cortex in the brain has been found to be the place where pain signals from different pathways converge."(Zimbardo PG 185) A persons response to pain involves " an interplay of biochemistry, nerve impulses and culturural factors.'( Zimbardo PG 185) A person's personality influences their response to pain. There are two main forms of pain. The first is acute pain. It is described as "sharp or sudden thrust of pain"(Webster Dic. PG267) One common form of acute pain would be headaches. Headaches usually come on suddenly with no warning. Although headaches can be eased and are not permanent they can affect a person in so many ways. "Pain is affected by experience and circumstance. A person who is unhappy may find a headache unbearable, while another person in a more sa...

Ethnocentrism :: essays research papers

The official definition of ethnocentric is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“characterized or based on the attitude that ones own group is superiorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“having race as a central interest.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? There is a whole world of problems, politics, and, other cultures, but it seems that the average Americanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s only interest is that of themselves. The reason I chose to focus on the American being ethnocentric is because I have been exposed the most to this culture in the past. America is the melting pot of the world with so many different cultures and accepts this variety into our country as we were accepted when our ancestors came over. Today I feel that people are arrogant towards those foreigners who donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t wash away their former demeanor. Why donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t we realize that we are so lucky to live in a secure and free country that should glorify diversity and not promote prejudice? When we make contact with people whose beliefs and cult ural tradition challenge our own perspective most feel some sort of intimidation. Ethnocentrism in my opinion is very ignorant, unintelligent, and closed minded in that your normal rituals may seem just as strange to other cultures, but are seen by them in a more understanding way. Ethnocentrism has been instilled in us since birth, learning to attach our selves to our cultural groups depending on them for comfort and a sense of safety. People as a whole in a way have to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“de-centerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? their strong cultural beliefs, as well as the thought that their culture is the only one important enough to concern themselves with. Ethnocentrism may manifest itself in behavior such as warfare, attitudes of superiority, hostility, violence, discrimination, and verbal aggression. In the past, groups such as the Nazià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, the Crusaders and, the Muslims have waged wars and death over cultural and religious differences using ethnocentrism as there incentive. Hate groups are also formed on this notion believing that their religious or cultural group is superior to others when in reality their customs are simply different.

Antigone: A Greek Tragedy Essay examples -- essays Papers

Antigone: A Greek Tragedy The play Antigone is often thought to be a Greek tragedy because each of the tragic heroes is neither extremely good or bad, their fortunes change from good to bad, their misfortunes do not result from their own wrong doings, and they arouse pity within the audience. Antigone and Creon are the two tragic heroes of this play; however, I believe Creon to be main one. In the play Antigone there can be seen a struggle between two forces: god’s law verses man’s law. A woman, Antigone, who strongly believed in the god’s law, opposed a king, Creon, who believed in the man’s law. Antigone disobeyed Creon’s law, about burying Polyneices, simply because she felt it to be her duty to the gods. Although both Creon and Antigone suffer greatly in the play, I believe that Creon is the tragic hero. Creon was a king who made a fatal mistake, he didn’t listen to other people. In the beginning of the play Creon decided not to bury the body of his dead nephew Polyneices. He proclaimed throughout his city that whoever buries Polyneices will be stoned to death. Creon hoped that by making such a threat he would stop any disagreements and would establish peace in Thebes. But Creon was wrong. Antigone, a relative of Creon, decided to bury Polyneices, because she felt that Polyneices’ soul didn’t deserve an eternity of suffering and wondering (Greeks believed that if a person wouldn’t be properly buried his soul would wonder forever and will never be at ease). Unfortun...

Problems Facing University Students

Financial Challenges Facing University Students FA120-Skills to succeed Group Creative problem solving assignment By Megan Sweeney (12522637) Anna Heffernan (12743239) And Ross Swords (12344681) Word Count: two thousand two hundred and eight. Contents Page Section 1: Summary | Pages 3 and 4| Section II: Details of the students challenge| Pages 4 and 5| Section III: Findings| Pages 5 and 6| Section IV: Possible solutions and recommendations| Page 6| Section V: Recommendations| Page 6| References | Page 7| Section I: Summary. IntroductionAfter discussing our assignment as a group we recognised what problems and challenges may be relevant to university students. We felt the topic most relevant to ourselves as a group and the majority of university students, was the financial challenges faced by university students. For most students as they start university it is their first time living away from home which can create problems for both the student and their families financially with bot h the high costs involved in sending a student to university and the difficulties the student faces themselves in budgeting their weekly allowance.Many students struggle to prioritise their money correctly and often spend more money on socialising weekly than on the essentials such as food, and often there is little or no money left to put towards books and curriculum based activities. For the purpose of this assignment and to help ourselves as students manage our money in a more economical manner we have researched the problems and solutions which occur in the everyday life of an Irish university student. Statement of the student challengeThe financial difficulties faced by a university scholar are brought about by the high cost of tuition fees which are constantly increasing as a result of poor management by our previous governments, the high cost of student accommodation for those students who have to move away from home to attend university. Students living away from home also h ave to have a weekly allowance for essentials, heating and electricity bills, and college equipment such as books, calculators, laptops and stationary.Many students that don’t move away from home face high travelling expenses each week with the cost of public transport constantly increasing as the government hike up the prices in order to attempt to get the country out of recession. The significance of the challenge We chose this topic as there is currently so much hype being created in regard to the economic crisis and the effect it is having on the cost of attending university which is creating huge financial problems for students and their families attending university.The government has majorly reduced the amount of financial aid available for undergraduates, many students no longer receive the grant payment which has resulted in many young people not being able to finish their degrees. Due to the current economic climate students are rarely able to secure a stable job so that they can support themselves, which forces many students to be dependent on government allowances. Again this causes financial problems for the students as the allowances available to third level students are minimal.We wanted to explore the different supports available to university students to help students overcome their financial problem’s. Section II: Details of the student challenge. For each student attending university the average cost can vary significantly depending on whether they have to move away from home, travel a long distance to college daily or travel a short distance from their home to college each day. The following table gives an indication of the monthly cost of living in Galway as a student. These costs are an approximation only as monthly costs will depend on each person’s individual needs (NUIG Student-Life 2012).Accommodation| 340 euro| Food| 260 euro| Books/academic requisites| 60 euro| Clothes, laundry| 60 euro| Recreation| 180 euro| Ot her| 100 euro| Monthly Total| 1,000 euro| Nine month academic year| 9,000 euro| As the average Irish yearly income is â‚ ¬24,316 (Irishexaminer. ie), the cost of sending a student to university is over one third of the average Irish yearly wage and this is before the tuition fees have to be paid for which in itself presents a huge challenge for a family to be able to support both the student and the rest of the family.With this in mind most students need as much help as possible to budget, manage their money and make use of the discount and financial schemes available through the university. The university provides a range of support systems to help students overcome financial challenges they may face. For students living away from home medical expenses can be a huge challenge as unfamiliar doctors can overcharge students, students can also be faced with the difficulty of budgeting for medical expenses as students can’t predict when they will become ill.The National Univer sity of Ireland Galway has relived thousands of students from the worries and challenges they face in regard to medical fees as they provide a full medical centre with Doctors, Nurses and physiatrist free of charge to all students in the university. â€Å"Only 10% of the student body is entitled to a medical card (GMS). A medical card entitles the holder to free consultation, free prescriptions and free hospitalisation. Students are not entitled to a medical card unless their parents have such a card or unless they are on a grant. Mature students i. e. ver 24 years of age could be entitled to a card in their own right depending on income. † (NUIG Student-Life 2012). This is a brilliant support service available to all NUI Galway students no matter what financial background the student comes from. The monthly food expense for a university student is two hundred and sixty euro, this can vary hugely depending on whether the student is economical about where they shop and what th ey buy. Students can greatly reduce their shopping expenses by shopping in the cheaper supermarkets such as Lidl, Aldi and Tesco rather than smaller convenience stores which tend be much more expensive. And the key to good shopping is lists – lists you stick to. Never shop hungry and don’t rely on the big name retailers that your folks have shopped in for years, turn your back on brand names and only buy own-brand foods – you will save yourself a packet. A litre of milk from Avonmore costs â‚ ¬1. 14, a litre of Tesco milk costs 75 cents. † (The Irish Times, September 2012). The University also provides hot meals daily at only â‚ ¬5 in the university restaurant which can be very helpful to student who do not have time to return home to eat during the day.As well as the academic side to college students also have to have a social life, which can become very costly and makes it harder for students to budget their money. The titanium ents company put a d iscount card scheme in place to help students save money while socialising. â€Å"Galway Student Discount Card is estimated to save an average student â‚ ¬400 per semester / an average of â‚ ¬5 per night out ( â‚ ¬2 off a taxi, â‚ ¬2 off club admin & â‚ ¬1 off food after). On sale for only â‚ ¬4† (Titaniuments. ie). This is a huge help to students in budgeting for the social side to their time in university.A huge financial problem faced by students is the price of textbooks required for the curriculum many of these books can cost up to â‚ ¬100 each and have to be bought brand new as they all contain individual access codes for course work that has to be completed online. Many students have to buy up to five books per semester which is a huge expense and creates a serious financial problem for students. Bank of Ireland is currently putting schemes in place to allow students to take out loans to pay for books. Section III: Findings Currently at NUI Galway there are several procedures in place to help students live off a small budget and save money.Loyalty cards such as the student union card can get students various discounts at numerous shops and restaurants run by the students union throughout the college. The student union card can also earn students money, by purchasing items at any shop or restaurant run by the SU. Students can build up credit over-time on their purchases and eventually this credit can be turned into cash. NUI Galway also promote the titanium ents card which promotes social discounts for students such as free entry into nightclubs, discounts on taxis, and discounts on fast-food take aways.In University College Dublin they offer many scholarships to students which can be found on www. smurfitschool. ie which is the business school in UCD. An example of one is ‘GMAT MBA Scholarship’ ‘Open to all applicants scoring above 700 on the GMAT. All scholarship applicants must already have been admitted to (have applied for, been interviewed and offered a place on) the full-time MBA Programme before they can be considered for any of the above scholarships. Open to Irish residents and international applicants. ( UCD-2012) in a university aboard such as Harvard, the offer financial aid also such as ‘Harvard College has provided assistance to students who need help in meeting their education expenses for over 350 years, enabling us to seek out the most outstanding scholars in the world and open our doors to students of exceptional ability and promise, regardless of their financial circumstances. Over 60% of undergraduates will receive an estimated $172 million in need-based Harvard Scholarship aid in 2012-13.Just in the past five years we have increased our financial aid by over 70 percent, enhancing our program to ensure the affordability of a Harvard education even in these challenging economic times. We understand that the thought of financing four years of college can be a d aunting prospect for anyone, and we are eager to help you and your family understand our financial aid programs and assist you in finding ways to meet your college costs’ (Harvard-2012) Section IV: Possible solutions and recommendations.After applying the creative problem solving process we as a group began to look at the different ways a problem such as this can be solved. While looking for solutions to the problem we researched numerous websites that offered advice on how students can budget and save money. (Schweitzer 2010) suggests numerous ways for students to save money such as avoiding impulse buying, hiding the credit card and finding bargains. While undertaking more xtensive research into the problem and after reading several articles, another common suggestion on how to budget efficiently was to invest in a student travel card; which can give up to a third off the price of all rail prices (Warnes 2012). Another area that may affect a student budget is clothes shoppi ng. Many students can be fooled into buying expensive brand name clothes that they can’t afford. (Waldron 2012) suggests students should shop at local charity shops such as Oxfam where they can buy a lot of these brand name clothes second hand for a fraction of the price.Although many students may not have been accustomed to shopping in charity shops previously Waldron insists the value for students in this market is a â€Å"no brainer†. Section 5: Recommendations After investigating the possible solutions we as a group discussed the various methods NUIG could undertake to help students tackle their budgeting issues. We looked at the offers that are already available to help students save money such as the SU loyalty card, the titanium ents card, the second hand book scheme etc. We then held numerous brain storming session where we thought of ideas that might help solve the problem.We considered various ideas such as opening a second hand clothes shop in the college or a grocery store where students could buy their weekly shopping at a discount price. We then concluded that projects such as this would incur too much of an expense that may not be affordable for the college. Another idea that we came up with was a student discount guide that could be published by the students union on a weekly basis containing information on where students could find the best discounts in Galway on a weekly basis.The leaflet could advise students on what supermarkets have the best food discounts on this week, what nightclubs are offering discounts, how students could save money on travel etc. Referencing nui galway. (2012). financial matters. Available: http://www. nuigalway. ie/student-life/financial-matters/. Last accessed 14th nov 2012. Titanium Ents and subsidiary groups. (2012). Galway Student Discount Card. Available: http://www. titaniuments. com/galway-student-discount-card/. Last accessed 14th nov 2012 . C O'Doherty. (2012). Dublin â‚ ¬3k ahead of avera ge income. Available: http://www. rishexaminer. com/ireland/dublin-3k-ahead-of-average-income-181644. html. Last accessed 14th nov 2012. nui galway. (2012). medical services. Available: http://www. nuigalway. ie/student-life/student-support/medical-services. html. Last accessed 14th nov 2012 . C Pope. (2012). Cheap and cheerful way through college. Available: http://www. irishtimes. com/newspaper/finance/2012/0911/1224323839157. html. Last accessed 14th nov 2012 . UCD. (2012). Scolarships. Available: http://www. smurfitschool. ie/scholarships/gmatmbascholarships/. Last accessed 14th nov 2012 . Harvard University. (2012).WELCOME TO THE HARVARD COLLEGE FINANCIAL AID OFFICE. Available: http://www. fao. fas. harvard. edu/icb/icb. do. Last accessed 14th nov 2012. Schweitzer. (2010). 10 Easy Ways for Students to Save Money. About. com Guide. 10 (4), 33-34. Warnes, S. (2012). Top 10 brilliant student money saving tips. Available: http://www. neilstoolbox. com/bibliography-creator/reference -website. htm. Last accessed 10/Nov/2012. Waldron,C. (2012). Charity shops: getting too big for their Pradas?. Available: http://campus. ie/college-life/money-matters/charity-shops-getting-too-big-for-their-pradas. Last accessed 12/nov/2012.

Reflecting on ‘Reflective practice’ Essay

Maybe contemplative radiation patterns scissure us a path of essay to make sense of the interrogateablety in our addplaces and the courage to work competently and ethically at the edge of order and loony bin (Ghaye, 2000, p.7)Reflective put on has burge unityd everyplace the pass few decades by means of reveal various palm of lord shape and grooming. In some(prenominal)(prenominal) professions it has do peerless of the defining features of competence, redden if on occasion it has been adopted mis fuck offnly and un musingly to rationalise existing devote. The allure of the musing bandwagon lies in the fact that it rings genuine (Loughran, 2000). Within different disciplines and intellectual traditions, however, what is still by meditative carry away varies well (Fook et al, 2006). Multiple and contradictory netherstandings of ruminative utilisation loafer even be prime within the same discipline.Despite this, well-nigh(prenominal) consensus has been arrive atd amid the profusion of definitions. In general, wistful use is understood as the solve of hearing through and from recognise towards get toing unused insights of self and/or manage (Boud et al 1985 Boyd and Fales, 1983 Mezirow, 1981, Jarvis, 1992). This practically involves examining assumptions of everyday formula. It as well as tends to involve the exclusive practician in being self-aw be and circumstantially evaluating their own responses to consecrate situations. The peak is to recapture figure experiences and mull them everywhere life-sustainingly in order to gain newly understandings and so improve prox normal session. This is understood as part of the play of life-long carry throughment.Beyond these broad atomic number 18as of agreement, however, contention and trouble reign. on that point is debate near the goal to which practicians should cerebrate on themselves as individualists quite an than the larger societal mise en scene. There ar questions around how, when, where and why contemplation should income tax return place. For busy masters short on beat, ruminative practice is all too advantageously employ in bland, mechanical, un cerebration commissions, ambitious practitioners whitethorn too find it exam to stand back from painful experiences and sample to be analytical about them. In this tangle of understandings, misunderstandings and difficulties, exactly how to apply and teach meditative practice effectively has become something of a conundrum.This paper explores current ideas and debates relating to pensive practice. In the first ii sections, I review key definitions and humourls of expression ordinarily employ in superior practice. Then, in the ruminative spirit myself, I precisely examine the actual practice of the plan, foreground ethical, professional, pedagogic and ideaual concerns. I launch forward the shell that pondering practice is two complex and s ituated and that it cannot work if applied mechanically or simplistically. On this origination, I conclude with some provisionary suggestions for how educators might nurture an effective mull overive practice involving decisive construction.Defining meditative practice upbraiding can sozzled all things to all peopleit is used as a kind of umbrella or canopy line to entail something that is good or desirableeverybody has his or her own (usually undisclosed) rendering of what materialization means, and this interpretation is used as the basis for trumpeting the virtues of comment in a way that makes it hold up as virtuous as m oppositehood. Smyth (1992, p.285)The term reflective practice carries multiple meanings that range from the idea of professionals engaging in anchorite introspection to that of engaging in over particular dialogue with others. Practitioners may embrace it on occasion in haomaal, explicit ways or use it more(prenominal) fluidly in ongoing, sile nt ways. For some, reflective practice simply refers to adopting a idea approach to practice. Others see it as self-indulgent navel gazing. For others still, itinvolves carefully organize and crafted approaches towards being reflective about ones experiences in practice. For example, with reference to teacher education, Larrivee argues thatUnless teachers develop the practice of slender look, they wedge trapped in unexamined judgments, interpretations, assumptions, and expectations. Approaching program line as a reflective practitioner involves fusing in the flesh(predicate) beliefs and values into a professional identity (Larrivee, 2000, p.293). In practice, reflective practice is often seen as the bedrock of professional identity. Reflecting on performance and acting on refection, as McKay (2008, Forthcoming) notes, is a professional imperative. Indeed, it has been include in official benchmark standards hardened down for professional registration and practice (see table 1 in adjunct 1).One example is in the way it has been included, explicitly and silently, in all intention 2000 curricula for Nursing Diplomas, while formulation is highlighted as a pivotal skill to achieve required Standards of Proficiencies in nursing and other wellness professional education (NMC, 2004 HPC, 2004). It has similarly become a key prime of approaches to the broader field of continuing professional development, work-based look oning and lifelong nurture (Eby, 2000 HPC, 2006).Given its developing emphasis in professional practice and education, it would seem important to explore the concept of reflective practice in some detail. To this end, this section distinguishes mingled with different types of reflective practice and looks at the sister concepts of manifestation, full of life reflection and reflexivity. verbal expression in and on practiceDewey (1933) was among the first to detect reflection as a specialised form of persuasion. He considered reflectio n to stem from doubt, vacillation or perplexity related to a directly experienced situation. For him, this prompted purposeful examination and problem resolution (Sinclair, 1998). Dewey also argued that reflective thinking moved people extraneous from routine thinking/activeness (guided by tradition or external authority) towardsreflective action (involving careful, deprecative consideration of taken-for-granted acquaintance). This way of conceptualising reflection crucially starts with experience and stresses how we learn from doing, i.e. practice. Specifically Dewey argued that we think the problem out towards formulating hypotheses in trial and error reflective situations and then use these to plan action, interrogation out our ideas.Deweys ideas provided a basis for the concept of reflective practice which gained act upon with the arrival of Schons (1983) The reflective practitioner how professionals think in action. In this seminal work, Schon set ways in which professi onals could become aware of their implicit whopledge and learn from their experience. His main concern was to accelerate the development of reflective practitioners rather than find the process of reflection per se. However, one of his close important and enduring contributions was to identify two types of reflection reflection-on-action (after-the-event thinking) and reflection-in-action (thinking while doing). In the case of reflection-on-action, professionals are understood consciously to review, describe, hit the books and evaluate their past practice with a view to gaining insight to improve future day practice.With reflection-in-action, professionals are seen as examining their experiences and responses as they occur. In both types of reflection, professionals aim to connect with their feelings and go to to relevant conjecture. They seek to build new understandings to shape their action in the anthesis situation. In Schons words The practitioner allows himself to expe rience surprise, puzzlement, or confusion in a situation which he finds uncertain or unique. He reflects on the phenomenon in the first place him, and on the prior understandings which have been implicit in his behaviour. He carries out an experimentation which serves to generate both a new understanding of the phenomenon and a tack in the situation. (Schon, 1983, p. 68)For Schon, reflection-in-action was the midpoint of professional artistry a concept he contrasted with the technical-rationality demanded by the (still dominant) plus paradigm whereby problems are solvable through the rigorous application of science. A contemporaneous example of this paradigm is the evidence-based practice movement, which favours quantitative studiesover qualitative ones, and established protocols over intuitive practice. In Schons view, technical-rationality failed to go under the dilemma of rigour versus relevance confronting professionals. Schons argument, since taken up by others (e.g. t ip and Coles,1998), was as make ups Professional practice is complex, aleatory and messy. In order to cope, professionals have to be able to do morethan follow set procedures. They draw on both practical experience and hypothesis as they think on their feet and improvise. They act both intuitively and creatively.Both reflection-in and on -action allows them to revise, characterize and refine their expertise. Schon believed that as professionals become more expert in their practice, they developed the skill of being able to monitor and set their practice simultaneously, maybe even intuitively. In contrast, novice practitioners, inadequacying knowing-in-action (tacit friendship), tended to cling to rules and procedures, which they are inclined to apply mechanically. Schon argued that novices needed to flavour back and, from a aloofness, take time to think through situations. Whether expert or novice, all professionals should reflect on practice both in general and with imp ress to specific situations. Schons work has been tremendously influential some would say basic in the way it has been applied to practice and professional learn and education. For example, in the health care field, Atkins and tater (1993) identify ternion stages of the reflective process.The first stage, triggered by the professional becoming aware of uncomfortable feelings and thoughts, is equal to Schons experience of surprise (what Boyd and Fales, 1983, identify as a sense of interior(a) discomfort or unfinished occupation). The second stage involves a critical psychoanalysis of feelings and knowledge. The final stage of reflection involves the development of a new perspective. Atkins and Murphy argue that both cognitive and affective skills are prerequisites for reflection and that these combine in the processes of self-awareness, critical analysis, synthesis and evaluation (see attachment 2). In the education field, Grushka, Hinde-McLeod and Reynolds (2005) distin guish amid reflection for action, reflection in action and reflection on action (see Appendix 3).They offer a series of technical, practical and critical questions for teachers to rent with. For example, under reflection for action teachers are informed to consider their resources and how long the lesson will take (technical) how to make the resources relevant to different learning styles (practical) and to question why they are commandment this particular topic (critical). Zeichner and Liston (1996) differentiate between five different levels at which reflection can take place during teach1. Rapid reflection immediate, ongoing and voluntary action by the teacher.2. Repair in which a thoughtful teacher makes decisions to interchange their behaviour in response to students cues.3. go off when a teacher thinks about, discusses or writes about some element of their instruction.4. Research when a teacher engages in more doctrinal and sustained thinking over time, perhaps b y collecting data or reading research.5. Retheorizing and reformulating the process by which a teacher critically examines their own practice and theories in the light of academic theories. temporary hookup Schons work has inspired umpteen such(prenominal) models of reflection and categories of reflective practice, it has also drawn criticism. Eraut (2004) faults the work for its lack of precision and clarity.Boud and Walker (1998) argue that Schons analysis ignores critical features of the context of reflection. Usher et al (1997) find Schons account and methodological analysis un reflex(a), while Smyth (1989) deplores the atheoretical and a policy-making quality of his conceptions. Greenwood (1993), meanwhile, targets Schon for downplaying the splendour of reflection-before-action. Moon (1999) regards Schons pivotal concept of reflection-in-action as unachievable, while Ekebergh (2006) draws onphenomenological philosophical system to argue that it is not possible to distance oneself from the lived situation to reflect in the moment. To achieve real self-reflection, she asserts, one needs to step out of the situation and reflect retrospectively (van Manen, 1990). Given this level of criticism, questions have to raised about the wide adoption of Schons work and the wayit has been applied in professional practice and education (Usher et al, 1997). There have been calls for a more critical, reflexive exploration of the nature of reflective practice.Reflection, critical reflection and reflexivityContemporary write on reflective practice invites professionals to engage in both personal reflection and broader societal critique. For example, work within the abrupt Universitys Health and Social fretfulness faculty has put forward a model whereby reflective practice is seen as a synthesis of reflection, self-awareness and critical thinking (Eby, 2000) (see figure 1). In this model, the philosophical grow of reflective practice are identified in phenomenol ogy (with its tenseness on lived experience and personal consciousness) and also in critical theory (which fosters the development of a critical consciousness towards emancipation and resisting oppression ).Self-awarenessroot phenomenology The cognitive ability to think, feel,sense and know through intuition To evaluate the knowledge derived throughself-awareness to develop understandingReflectionRoots existentialphenomenology andcritical theory-interpretive and critical theory tool for promoting self- and fond awarenessand companionable action meliorate self-expression,learning and co-operation links theory and practiceReflectivePractice comminuted thinkingRoots skepticism andcritical theory identifying and challengingassumptions challenging the importanceof context to imagine and explorealternatives which leads toreflective scepticismFigure 1 Skills underpinning the concept of reflective practice. Other authors argue for the concept of critical reflection, which is seen as off ering a more thorough-going form of reflection through the use of critical theory (Brookfield, 1995). For adherents of critical reflection, reflection on its own tends to remain at the level of relatively undisruptive changes in techniques or superficial thinking (Fook, White and Gardner, 2006, p.9). In contrast, critical reflection involves attending to deal and social and political analysis it seeks to enable transformative social action and change. For Fook (2006), critical reflectionenables an understanding of the way (socially dominant) assumptions may be socially restrictive, and thus enables new, more em agenting ideas and practices. Critical reflection thus enables social change beginning at individual levels. formerly individuals become aware of the hidden source of ideas they have absorbed unwittingly from their social contexts, they are then freed to make choices on their own terms.Fook and Askeland argue that the focus of critical reflection should be on connecting in dividual identity and social context federal agency of the spot of critical reflection in capableing up new perspectives andchoices about practice may only be realized if the connections between individual thinking and identity, and dominant social beliefs are articulate and realized. (Fook and Askeland, 2006, p.53).For Reynolds (1998), four characteristics distinguish critical reflection from other versions of reflection (1) its concern to question assumptions (2) its social rather than individual focus (3) the particular care it pays to the analysis of power relations and (4) its pursuit of emancipation (Reynolds, 1998). By way of example, Reynolds argues that when managers critically reflect (rather than just now reflect) they become aware of the wider environment in which they operate. They begin to grasp the social power exercised by their organisation through its networks and relationships. In the field of teaching, Brookfield (1995) characterises critical reflection as stance and dance. The critically reflective teachers stance toward teaching is one of inquiry and being open to further investigation. The dance involves experimentation and encounter towards modifying practice while moving to fluctuating, and mayhap contradictory, rhythms (Larrivee, 2000).A key concept prominent momentum to the idea of reflective practice involving both personal reflection and social critique is reflexivity. Reflexive practitioners engage in critical self-reflection reflecting critically on the meeting of their own background, assumptions, positioning, feelings, behaviour while also attending to the impact of the wider organisational, discursive, ideological and political context. The terms reflection, critical reflection and reflexivity are often confused and wrongly assumed to be interchangeable. Finlay and Gough (2003, p. ix) find it instrumental to think of these concepts forming a continuum. At one end stands reflection, defined simply as thinking about s omething after the event. At the other end stands reflexivity a more immediate and dynamic process which involves continuing self-awareness. Critical reflection lies somewhere in between.Previously, Ive proposed five lapping variants of reflexivity with critical selfreflection at the core introspection intersubjective reflection uncouth collaborationism social critique and ironic deconstructionism (Finlay, 2002, 2003). These variants can similarly be applied todistinguishing between the types of reflection practitioners could engage in when reflecting on practice. Reflective practice as introspection involves the practitioner in recluse self-dialogue in which they probe personal meanings andemotions. Intersubjective reflection makes the practitioner focus on the comparative context, on the emergent, negotiated nature of practice encounters. With mutual collaboration, a participatory, dialogical approach to reflective practice is sought what Ghaye (2000) calls a reflective int ercourse. Here, for example, a mentor and student, or members of a team, seek to solve problems collaboratively. Reflective practice as social critique focuses attention on the wider discursive, social and political context. For instance, the practitioner may think about despotic institutional practices or seek to manage the power imbalances inherent in education/practice contexts. Finally, reflective practice as ironic deconstruction would cue into postmodern and poststructural imperatives to deconstruct discursive practices and represent something of the ambiguity and multiplicity of meanings in particular organisational and social contexts. At the very least, a critical and possibly satirical gaze could be turned to challenging the ubiquitously unreflexive rhetoric of reflective practice.In practice, introspection is the dominant mode of reflective practice. Sometimes presented as entirely a promising personal judge (Loughran , 2006), it is a predominantly individualistic an d personal exercise (Reynolds and Vince, 2004) in which practitioners tend to focus on their own thoughts, feelings, behaviours and evaluations. This passes as legitimize reflective practice which professionals then can use to advance their cause to explosion formal requirements for continuing professional development. age such reflective practice may take place in dialogical contexts such as supervision sessions, the onus waistcloth on the individual practitioner to reflect upon and evaluate their own practice. What is lacking is any(prenominal) mutual, reciprocal, shared process. Institutional structures and quality self-reliancesystems encourage, perhaps even require, this individual focus. It starts beforehand(predicate) on during professional education and training where learners engage professional socialisation and are taught how to reflect, using structured models of reflection.One of the consequences of the lack of consensus and clarity about the concept of reflective practice is the proliferation of different versions and models to operationalise reflective practice.

Ideal Student Essay

Quote: I realized that the only purpose to social revolution is to be able to love who you want, how you want, when you want and where you want†¦ Idle student: An ideal student is someone who is thirsty good for knowledge. Such a student will not be distracted in class. After all that is what every teacher desires. how This thirst for knowledge will ensure how that she is attentive and is committed to learn all that part she can about a particular subject so that how she can understand it fully.An best student is a patriot.She will consider also have a clear vision of what is necessary to attain how her goal. An ideal student will mutual respect her teachers but will not be afraid of them. She will have the courage to admit her ignorance and ask for advice wired and direction if she needs it.She will not be the kind of person who accepts  things blindly and learns by rote.Apart extract from studies, he knowingly gets involves in activities.

An ideal student will observe discipline. She free will be punctual and properly dressed.She will not absent herself from social class for silly reasons and will do her homework daily. She will be neat and tidy and observe decorum in class.He achieves success in life by using first time properly.These ideal students would go on to become ideal citizens. Who is an ideal student.?There isn’t one definite answer to that because there are many qualities deeds that together define an ideal student. The most important good quality of an ideal student is that for him.It unquestionably promotes economic economic status of the nation.

Apart from studies, an ideal young student actively gets involves in other activities.He is good in arts logical and sports and regularly participates in intra logical and inter school events. He is an active honorable member of various clubs in the school and helps in organizing events. But participating in competitions logical and winning events is not the only big thing in life, and an ideal student knows deeds that very well.Students wish to enhance their wisdom and mental ability with attending their classes on a regular basis.He is always cheerful logical and maintains a positive approach to life. He large spreads hope and happiness wherever he goes. In short his conduct is admired by everyone. An ideal student is a voracious reader.Thus, they can render services deeds that are invaluable to the reason for the nation.

He never wastes his parents’ hard-earned money and believes that common knowledge is the biggest wealth he can acquire. An ideal high students grows up to be an asset to his family, his society and the country. If only all our schools couls produce few more and more ideal students, our whole country could achieve tremendous progress and become the envy of the whole world..He is an physical embodiment of all of the virtues.Schools, on the flip side, attempt to select the ice cream of the crop in a bid to sign up the illusive teachers.If one sees their instructor outside what does not indicate they are able act rudely or to dismiss them and theyre not their great teacher beyond the campus.

Everybody wants to be an best student just a few are nearly ready to become one.Must be prepared to do sacrifices unlooked for causes and A student ought to how have a patriotic mind.Hes an perfect citizen in the making.Ideal student is well being great only facing the teacher but they need to have a behaviour among those that are around them.

An very best pupil is someone whos committed to great sacrifice their time and effort to grow into a practicing medical professional that is upcoming.Any student can grow into an student deeds that is perfect.Beneficial and good habits are cultivated by him.An medical student is the one whos an all-rounder.